Prosopagnosias Affect on Daily Life Essay -- Psychology, Mental Healt

In Psychology, there are a wide scope of scatters, all of which upset a person’s life at different levels. Subsequently, the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is utilized to determine an individual to have a specific issue and decide the degree to which the turmoil influences their capacity to work in the public eye. In any case, the DSM-IV doesn't address the entirety of the scatters that individuals can be messed with. There are four tomahawks to the DSM-IV: hub I which considers clinical disarranges, hub II sees character issue, pivot III judgments intense ailments, hub IV is psychosocial and natural components and hub V decides a person’s capacity to work in the public eye. Agnosia is one of the numerous scatters that can't be arranged under the any of the tomahawks of the DSM-IV despite the fact that it is a mind issue. A particular sort of agnosia that has as of late been vigorously spoken to in the media is prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is a strang e issue as the etiology is obscure and there is a lot of fluctuation to the turmoil by the person. As the degree wherein this issue influences the lives of individuals can't be resolved utilizing common strategies, how much does prosopagnosia influence a person’s life? Prosopagnosia is the logical name for what is regularly known as â€Å"face-blindness.† It is a neurological issue described by a person’s absence of capacity to perceive faces (â€Å"Prosopagnosia Information,† 2007). What makes an individual having prosopagnosia unique in relation to an individual who is only â€Å"bad with faces† is that, with prosopagnosia, a shortfall in face acknowledgment within the sight of moderately ordinary item acknowledgment exists (Righart and Gelder, 2007). This implies an individual with prosopagnosia can't perceive... ...Prosopagnosia and PET Study of Normal Subjects [and Discussion]. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. (pp. 55-62). Vol. 335. Regal Society. Shearer, D., and Peter M. (1996). Impact of Facial Familiarity and Task Requirement on Electrodermal Activity. The American Journal of Psychology (pp. 131-37). Vol. 109. College of Illinois. Recreation of Talking Faces in the Human Brain Improves Auditory Speech Rocognition. (2008) Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (pp. 6747-6752). Ed. Dale Purves. Vol. 105. National Academy of Sciences. Melody, S. (2006). Do I Know You? Time. Weingarten, G. (2008). Losing Face. The Washington Post. Youthful, An., and Perrett, D. (1992). â€Å"Face Recognition Impairments [and Discussion].† Philisophical Transactions: Biological Sciences. (pp. 47-54) Vol. 335. Regal Society.

Guidance to Simmons Ltd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Direction to Simmons Ltd - Essay Example The paper will investigate potential merits and detriments of the two sources along with their related lawful ramifications towards a significant judgment. Capital markets and credits offered by business banks posse’s various highlights and qualities that determine differed legitimate ramifications. Financing through capital markets for example concedes control and administrative power to the lenders over administration of the financed foundation. In this way, it prompts legitimate commitments by an organization and its administration towards interests and assessments of the lenders over the organization. Business banks as a wellspring of fund additionally credit an assortment of legitimate liabilities on the acquiring elements, for example, arrangements for advance reimbursement along with premium. (Sagar Rachna, 2005, 132). Inability to satisfy reimbursement terms would add up to break of agreement and further assets in prosecutions (Miller Roger, Iollowell William, 2010, 10 6-108). Despite the fact that different parts of capital market, for example, fixed protections shows comparable lawful conditions as credits from business banks, issuance of offers have unmistakable property in which the organization isn't under legitimate obligation to reimburse. (Longenecker Justin and Loeza Ma, 2010, 311). Bank credits then again have the hindrance of fluctuating loan fees inside the reimbursement time frame. As a term to an agreement, the organization would be exposed to and lawfully limited by any demonstration by the bank to build the loan cost. This would thus make the financing procedure progressively costly (Padmalatha Suresh, 2011, 158). Global security issue and worldwide organization bank term credit Just like the capital markets and business banks presents differing legitimate ramifications, issuance of universal securities and procurement of advance from a coordinated banks force various lawful points of interest and inconveniences. As per Livingston Miles, the two assortments of universal bonds, â€Å"foreign bonds and Eurobonds† are dependent upon various guidelines (Livingston Miles, 1999, p. 249). While Eurobonds are given in single monetary forms and are not exposed to lawful limitations, outside securities are given in more than one cash across national markets in which they are sold. An Eurobond gave by an organization in the United States in US dollars would be globally sold in that money while an outside security can be sold in any cash contingent upon the national market. Eurobonds are hence portrayed by basic legitimate conventions as they are not exposed to local laws. Simultaneously, Eurobonds are effectively transferable and are not exposed to tax collection. Outside bonds then again would require information on the giving company’s residential national laws, a procedure that may me expensive in legitimate charges. While Eurobonds are not carefully exposed to tax collection because of its free transfe rability, an all inclusive bit of leeway of universal bond issuance is that it gives a more extensive extent of fund hotspot for foundations. Simmons Company along these lines has an assortment of choices in the worldwide security showcase (Livingston Miles, 1999, p. 249), (Madura Jeff, 2009, p. 79). Coordinated bank advances are then again saw as an incorporated methodology that connections highlights of conventional financial framework to those of security financing framework. Thus, it has been distinguished as a â€Å"more competitive†, â€Å"more showcase situated and cost effective† source (Armstrong Jim, 2003, p. 23). In spite of the fact that the source is fitting for huge measure of accounts, it requires noteworthy exposure of data by the borrower. The terms of

Individual Analysis

Singular Case Analysis Contents 1. 0Analysis Using Motivation Theories1 1. 1Equity Theory1 1. 2Expectancy Theory1 1. 3 Three-need Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. 0Criticisms of the Management Functions3 3. 0Main Problems Defined4 4. 0References5 5. 0Appendices6 5. 1Appendix 1: SWOT Analysis6 5. 2 Appendix 2: Equity Theory Table†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 1. 0Analysis Using Motivation Theories 1. 1Equity Theory According to Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2003) value hypothesis was created by J. Stacey Adam. Campebell, Dunnette and Miller (1969) states the motivation behind this hypothesis is focus on employees’ absorption from an occupation circumstance. Kaplan, Reckers and Reynolds (1986) takes note of these are results, according to the endeavors they put in, data sources, and afterward contrast and others. For the situation, Lisa contrasts her information result proportion and Leanne, which appears awkwardness and uncalled for. Lisa feels envious as Steve chose to go again her recommendation to hand over portion of her outstanding burden to the most youthful colleague, Leanne. She additionally observes that Leanne turned out to be increasingly predominant. Lisa was dealt with unreasonably by two different individuals putting the faults at her who constrained Steve to reprove her. The distressed Lisa’s believing was to give different individuals from the group who has more understanding to assume control over a portion of her work as opposed to Leanne. At long last Lisa held up a pay guarantee for her mental meltdown cased by Leanne. Likewise expressed by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2003), employees’ inspiration is affected by remunerations. Base on the previously mentioned, Steve should utilize the value technique in medications of staff. Along these lines, at whatever point a representative evaluate their own value and see disparity, the individual in question will act to address the circumstance as opposed to absence of inspiration. If it's not too much trouble allude to 5. 2 Appendix 2 for table indicating value hypothesis. 2. Anticipation Theory According to Montana and Charnov (2000), hope hypothesis shows that prizes could spur workers to build their endeavors. Taylor (1964) noticed this urges better execution prompting a positive result. Steve applied the hope hypothesis under his administration. By doing this, he made a declaration that he will increment employees’ compensation base on execution rating. Because of gigantic increment in preparing loads, Lisa was exhausted and with ventures bogged down. At that point Green (1992) states on of the accepting is that representatives accept in the event that they perform well, they will get the prize. Leanne is an aggressive individual that is the reason she offers assistance as she has faith in great execution could show signs of improvement result and prize. Then again, as indicated by Montana and Charnov (2000), a worker can choose which result they like. Because of enormous weight from over-burden and struggle with Leanne, Lisa has settled on a choice to take pressure leave. This decreases the endeavors Lisa requires to place into her work. 3. Three-need Theory McClelland (as cited by unknown, 2008) states an employee’s inspiration and adequacy are affected by the accompanying: Need for Achievement †McClelland (cited by Pattanyak, 2006) notes inspiration that impacts workers to coordinate their conduct towards accomplishing objectives. As indicated by the accomplishment clarified, Lisa isn't spurred to challenge of orking at an issue and don't acknowledge any close to home duties regarding disappointment, rather leaving the activities and chance for Leanne to accomplish the result. Requirement for Affiliation †Courtney (2002) notes McClelland had proposed that individuals are roused by various things. Likewise, base on the announcement expressed by Tosi, Mero and Rizzo (2000), McClelland’s hypothesis on connec tion has a requirement for well disposed connections and have great cooperations with others. These individuals can co-work well in a group. Alluding to the clarification of connection, Lisa’s desire and struggle with Leanne had caused rubbing and renunciation in the group. It appears there is an absence of relational abilities and co-work for Lisa in the group. Lisa’s individual disposition issue towards Leanne likewise caused her relationship issues with partner and director. Requirement for Power †McClelland (cited by Pattanyak, 2006) takes note of that individuals at a high position would need the ability to control others for their own objectives. As indicated by Ved (2005) there are: Social †controls the company’s development, and Personal †impact others to encourage the craving. Leanne entered InsureCo. as another colleague under Lisa’s initiative in a group. Before long, Leanne immediately made great connection with the supervisor and brisk to advance her abilities, which lead her over ventured the intensity of Lisa. In this way, Lisa felt she couldn't control Leanne to accomplish her result. Lisa has likewise lost control of her group when couple of the colleagues surrendered. With the lost control of intensity, Lisa lost the fight to be advanced. Subsequently, she isn't spurred. 2. 0Criticisms of the Management Functions The administration of InsureCo. has a few negative practices, they are: †The way Steve deals with the company’s condition The way Steve direct workers, and †How staff co-work with one another as a group. As per Bell and Smith (2006), the utilization of correspondence and verbal aptitudes for supervisors is imperative in their administration work. By tuning in to representatives, organizations could improve employees’ work fulfillment. As per Deci and Ryab (1985), the best inspiration act is supe rvisors could accomplish for their representative is tuning in. For this situation, Steve doesn't convey adequately to his staff about his desires and settling issue issues inside the workplace. He doesn't think about the worry that on the off chance that he perceive the new representative, Leanne, Lisa would whine about the acknowledgment. To forestall the grumbling snag, Steve ought to tune in to Lisa when she whined about Leanne with respect to her I. T. aptitudes. Steve should follow up on the objection and evaluate Leanne’s capacity in the I. T. field. On the off chance that it proves that she has the right stuff, there would not be envy in Lisa. Schuler and Jackson (1999) referenced that reasonable treatment of worker which will make them progressively dedicated in an association. That is to say, Steve should treat Lisa and Leanne similarly. It isn't the place he should censure Lisa before her associates and in a manner without her giving reasons. This is a shame for Lisa. This likewise appears there is an absence of reasonable treatment inside the administration arrangement of the organization. As indicated by Cook (1999), representatives will create more exertion in their work when they are valued, esteemed and comprehended by the business. Steve should set up a guide of essential standards to mentor representatives when there is an issue. Base on the estimation of Lisa to the organization, Steve ought not denounce her straight away with no choices for clarification and when he did condemned her he ought to clarify his choice. Steve could improve the connection among Lisa and Leanne by educating them how others feel, how much impact can cause, and recommend them how to develop themselves. Steve’s the executives at InsureCo. he is focused on the company’s objectives, as per Salaman (2001), it now and again alludes to as statement of purpose. For the situation, increment compensation was any methodology that Steve viewed as significant. The point is to fight off developing rivalry. The expansion of pay couldn't generally rouse his staff. The reasons are referenced in the past references. 3. 0Main Problems Defined |Primary Problems |Secondary Problems | |Poor authority †New initiative of the firm, absence of administrative |Poor persuasive abilities | |experience. |Staff needs inspiration | |Poor arranging †No specialized preparing framework been placed in. No particular set of working responsibilities composed for representatives | |No formal approaches composed for remunerations and discipline |Increase in remaining tasks at hand | |Lack of co-activity | |Manager has poor relational abilities | |Ineffective correspondence of desires | |Employees’ esteem not acknowledged | |Overload work causes delays | |Multitask been given to representatives | |Management has no comprehension of employees’ needs | |Poor connection among staff and director | |Pressure in the preparation division | |Lack of r easonable treatment for staff | 5. Informative supplements 5. 1Appendix 1: SWOT Analysis [pic] 2. Reference section 2: Equity Theory Table by Robbins, Bergman, Stagg and Coulter (2003) Perceived proportion comparisonEmployee’s appraisal Outcomes A<Outcomes B Inputs An Inputs B (Inequity-under compensated) Outcomes A=Outcomes B Inputs An Inputs B (Equity) Outcomes A>Outcomes B Inputs An Inputs B (Inequity-over remunerated) â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€ Threats ? Uncovered shortcomings in the organization ? Solid worldwide contenders ? Objections from staff ? Remuneration guarantee from staff Opportunities ? Government proposed new Financial Services Reform Bill †Make sure whole staff had been prepared Shortcomings ? Poor initiative ? Lack of common sense ? No proper strategies for remunerations and disciplines are composed ? Poor inspirational ability ? Staff needs inspiration ? No particular expected set of responsibilities composed for representatives ? Increment of outstanding task at hand ? Absence of co-activity ? Poor relational abilities ? Staff’s esteem not acknowledged ? Over-burden work causes delays ? Perform various tasks given ? The executives has no comprehension of employees’ needs ? Poor dynamic ? Weight in the preparation office ? Absence of reasonable treatment for workers ? Qualities ? Huge fund and insurance agency ? Market nearness ? Huge custom

Self Esteem And Substance Abuse - Free Essay Example

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Self esteem is all about how much we feel valued, loved, accepted and thought well of by others and how much we value, love and accept ourselves. People with healthy self-esteem are able to feel good about them, appreciate their own worth and take pride in their abilities, skills and accomplishments. People with low self- esteem may feel as if no one will like them or accept them or that they canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t do well in anything People with high self esteem tend to be ambitious in what they want to experience in Life, they have a drive to express them and to communicate openly and honestly about their needs and desires. People with low self esteem rarely live their life to the full, they distance themselves from others, denied their love and support, and uncomfortable with success, some of them even take alcohol and drugs. We all experience problems with self esteem at certain times in our lives-especially during our teens figuring out, where we fit in the world. The level of self esteem determines how we operate in life à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"how we interact with others such as spouse, children, friends, and strangers .It determines our achievements, and our satisfaction and happiness. Self esteem has long been believed to play an important role in the use of alcohol; People with alcohol problems often have low self esteem. They judge themselves negatively-not just for their addiction, but also for other parts of their behavior or their personality. Most of the individuals who are addicted to drugs and alcohol are not happy with their lives and live a life of despair and hopelessness, the major symptom is poor self esteem. Poor self esteem is at the heart of an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s addiction and dependency and there is an inverse relationship between alcohol dependency and self esteem, that if a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self esteem improves the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s addictive behavior. 1.1. Need For The Study: Low self esteem is one of the causative factor that vast majority of alcohol addicts share in common, low self esteem is challenging in four areas. First they feel that they lack personal power, secondly many with low self esteem feel lacking the affection and attention of others, thirdly low self esteem results when people feel that they lack virtue, often feel unloved, unappreciated and lastly those possessing low self esteem hold themselves as incompetent in one or more areas. Several researchers have argued that self esteem poses high risk for alcohol abuse in some populations, including adolescents, college students, and females (Donnelly, 2000). Another area of life that Alcoholics with low Self-Esteem often struggle with their occupation. Perhaps they may lack education, information, skill sets, or the belief in their ability to obtain a worthwhile job and so they self-sabotage and then get to the right about the fact that no one wants to hire them. Seeking continuous education is hopeless to those who have such low self-esteem since they see themselves as incapable of excelling in the process of studying, taking exams, and achieving success in all the systems. Low self- esteem can also manifest as a result of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inability to generate wealth, they see themselves struggling to survive in a world marked by competition, often struggle with their occupation. Those with low self esteem often resort to addictive behaviors in an effort to numb out the pain and escape to a world that allows them a temporary release from their sufferings and problems 1.2. Statement of the Problem: Promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic dependants 1.3. Objectives: 1.3.1 Assessment the self esteem level among alcoholics 1.3.2 Association of self esteem and Alcoholism 1.3.2 Assessment of the effectiveness of self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem among alcoholics. 1.4. Assumptions: 1.4.1. Self esteem level may be low among alcoholic dependants. 1.4.2. Practice of self esteem activities may improve the self esteem level among alcoholic dependants 1.5. Operational Definitions: 1.5.1. PROMOTION- refers to the improvement in level of self esteem among Alcoholic dependants. 1.5.2. SELF ESTEEM- perceived self concept of an alcoholic individual 1.5.3. ALCOHOLICS- a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking. 1.6. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities Among Alcoholics Dependants: Conceptualization is the process of specifying what we mean when we use particular terms (Giemman) The conceptual framework is derived from Penderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health promotion Model. In this study Individual characteristics and experience by physical, social psychological and occupational problems may change the level of self-esteem of the Alcoholic patients. Self-Esteem activities are promoted based on the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems may bring change in the level of self-esteem. It includes perceived benefit of Self-Esteem activities like Individual and Group activities. PENDERà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢S HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism 1. Studies related to low self esteem and alcoholism: A study conducted on self esteem and Alcohol use on 61 Alcoholic dependants who were admitted in a rural Midwestern medical centre. An individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reactions to his or her social environment are mediated by a sense of self esteem, low levels of self esteem are develop during Socialization. Results suggest that specific form of social support is important to recovering alcoholic dependants (Steffennhagen and Burns, 2006). A Pearson correlation was calculated examining the relationship between the amounts of alcohol consumed in the past 30 days and self esteem. A low to moderate correlation was found (r (23) =.250, p.05). (Jeremy W.Lawing, 2006). A Study conducted on drinking problems and self-Esteem of college students,148 lower division college students were given the following paper and pencil tests: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Personal Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? section of The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. College Students are havin g low self Esteem (F = 4.23, p = .04). Tabulation of the incidence of heavy drinking (31%).Result shows an drinking behavior of college students are having low self esteem(()swego,2005). A study was conducted on the effects of self esteem on substance abuse among homeless men. This experimental study involving 305 samples of homeless men was assigned randomly to the treatment group and Control group. Control group was referred to community based services, experimental subjects were exposed to individual therapy, group interventions, life skills and relapse prevention training residing in a 24 Hour shelter for three months. Results indicated that self-esteem was increased in experimental group than in control group (Brandon, 2004). A descriptive study was conducted on self-esteem and alcohol dependants. Study comprises of two groups such as alcoholic dependants as one group and non-alcoholics in another group. Study shown that alcoholic dependants have lowered self esteem compa red to non alcoholics self esteem (Donnelly, 2003) A study was conducted to compare the level of self esteem among 30 alcoholics and 30 non alcoholic persons. They are assessed for self esteem using self esteem scale. The results showed that alcoholics had low self esteem when compared to non alcoholics(P001).Alcoholic dependants were perceived as less loving and less dominant as compared to non alcoholics, they also perceived alcoholics to be aggressive and sadistic(Neeliyara,2003). A study conducted to identify the relationship between alcohol consumption and self esteem. Study comprises of 26 Samples (Employees of local retail store), their self esteem was assessed by using Rosenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self esteem scale. Results showed that alcohol consumption is strongly related to self esteem (T.F.Heatherson,2000). A Study conducted on how self esteem influences alcohol consumption Study comprises of 61 samples. Over the course of two weekends self esteem was measured using Rosenbergà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self esteem scale. Study showed the results that self esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescents drinking behavior, adolescents with high self esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self esteem. (Gerrerd, Russell, 2000 A cross-sectional survey design investigated the relationship of substance use and self esteem. Self -esteem was assessed using Hare Self-esteem Scale. Four hundred and eleven samples were completed the survey. Results revealed that there is a direct relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem (F=12.8,df=2,343,p,.00001).Regardless recent alcohol abusers had the lowest self-esteem scores and never users had the highest scores(F.X.Gibbons,2000). A study says that low self-esteem is the universal common denominator among all people suffering from addictions. Low self-esteem is the true disease and it is the underlying origin of all problematic behaviors that p lagues the world (Candito, 1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and Alcohol Use Disorders in Early Adulthood. The relation among Self-esteem and Alcohol use disorder diagnoses was examined in a sample of 240 men evaluated at four annual assessments over the college years. The results support clinical observations that low self esteem plays a particularly important it eological role in alcohol problems in men (Fromme.K, 1989). A number of studies have indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, (Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1984). 2. Studies related to self esteem activities and alcoholism A Study conducted on how group activity has an impact on self esteem among alcoholics. Study comprises 40 samples, 20 patients undergone group activities for 12 weeks in an inpatient setting and 20 patients as control groups. Patients in the intervention group showed significant enhancement in self esteem, social skills and self confidence where as there is no changes observed in control group (John Wiley, 2009) A Study was conducted how utilization of self esteem programs (Holistic Addiction Treatment Programme) plays an important role in Relapse prevention. Study comprises of 145 samples. Results show that 70 to 90 percentages, self esteem programs are effective in Relapse prevention and over all well-being to the treatment of recovering alcoholics (Harry Henshaw, 2007). A Study conducted on self esteem activities among Alcoholic patients. Study comprises of 43 samples, volunteers in the group undergone self esteem activities along with drug treatment, the other group only underwent drug treatment. Pretest-posttest comparison on a variety of physiological parameters indicated that significant improvements had occurred in psychological wellbeing including self esteem, self awareness, lifestyle adaptation and relapse prevention skills. Results suggest that promotion of self esteem activities improves self esteem among alcoholic dependants (Michael Peterson, Bryan johnstone, 2003) A study conducted on self-esteem and alcoholism among high school students total sample was 140(55males and 85 females) high school students. The questionnaire used in this study included the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (Moberg, 1983) which has fourteen questions about alcohol use, the Rosenberg (1965) Self-esteem Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendel son, Mock, Erbaugh, 1961). Study has showed that indicated that adolescents who refrain from drinking alcohol have higher self-esteem than do adolescents who drink (Butler, 1980; Young, Werch, Brakeman 1989) CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS Designing a research involves the development of plan or strategy that will guide the collection and analysis of data. The present study is designed to promote the Self-esteem among Alcoholic Patients. The methodology of the study constitutes research design, setting, population and sampling criteria for the selection of samples and tool for data collection. 3.1. One Group Pre Test Post Test Design: 3.2. Setting: This study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore. The De-Addiction centre consists of 25 bedded 3.3. Population: The overall population for the study was alcoholic patients who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi DE-Addiction Centre from 28.06.2010 to 25.07.2010. 3.4 Sample size And Sampling Technique: Purposive sampling Technique was used to select samples who were admitted in the Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre during the period of study.30 patients were selected as samples during the study. 3.5. Criteria for Selection of the Sample: Inclusion Criteria: Patients who were admitted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction Centre Alcoholic patients with Low self esteem Exclusion Criteria: Patients who are not willing to participate in the study. Alcoholic dependants associated with Psychotic symptoms. 3.5. Instruments and Tool for Data Collection: The tool was prepared based on review of literature and guidance of experts from the field of Psychiatry. Section I: This section includes demographic variables like age, education, family Income, occupation, marital status, marital disharmony, Type of Family Duration of Alcohol intake Consumption of alcohol, physical and psychological problems. Section II: This section consists of modified Rutgersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Alcohol Problem Index scale. It is a useful tool to assess the problem index among alcoholic patients. It consists of 15 questions. Section III: This section has an index to measure personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s self-esteem. It consists of 20 statements to assess the level of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. Score Interpretation: Self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Esteem Assessment Scale consists of 20 s tatements of assessment of patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s level of self esteem. The total score is 60, patient who scores the item à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and more than 46 is having low self-esteem. Section IV: This section consists of intervention for Low self à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Esteem such as Individual activities and Group activities. Individual Activities: Promoting individually performing activities. The patients are encouraged to do individual activities such as Art writing and Reading Newspapers. Group Activities: Group activities is two or more individuals unite together to promote an same activity. Patients are encouraged to do psychodrama (Group was given a theme, group members act out based on the theme) and Outdoor games (Tenniequots) 3.6. Variables of the study: Independent variable: Self-esteem activities. Dependant variable: Alcoholic dependants. 3.7. Techniques for Data Analysis and Interpretation: The tables were formulated for base line information such as age, education, occupation, type of family, marital disharmony, income per month, amount of alcohol intake, duration of alcohol intake, physical and psychological symptoms. Pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test was used to analyze the significant difference in the level of self-esteem before and after promoting self esteem activities. 3.7.1. Pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢test: The test was used to point out the effect of promotion of self esteem activities among alcoholic patients. t=d SD/ n SD= (d-d) Here d=Mean difference between pretest and posttest score. SD=Standard Deviation of the Pre test and post test Sore n=Number of Samples. Pilot study report Pilot study was conducted for a period of 2 weeks, from 28th May 2010 to 11th May 2010, to test the practicability of the tool and feasibility of conducting the main study. Study was conducted in Psychiatric ward of P S G Hospital. For pilot study 5 samples were selected. Data were collected by interview method. Through the pilot study it was proved that self esteem activities in promotion of self esteem. The researcher would like to continue the study to promote self esteem among alcoholic dependants. Changes brought after pilot study During the pilot study, self esteem level was assessed and found to be low among alcoholic dependants. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION The process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that must be completed when conducting a research experiment. Data from various sources gathered, reviewed, and then analyzed to form some sort of finding or conclusion. There are a variety of specific data analysis method, some of which include data mining, text analytics, business intelligence, and data visualizations. 4.1. General Profile of alcoholic Dependants 1. Age Among thirty alcoholic dependants, six patients were at the age of 21-30 years, fifteen patients were at the age of 31-40years, seven patients were at the age between 41-50 years and two patients were between 51-60years. 2. Education Most of the alcoholic dependants were completed their secondary education, seven patients had completed primary education, six patients completed higher secondary education and seven had graduate degree. 3. Occupation: A. Type of Work It was found that ten were doing business, five were farmers, four were engineers, two were bus drivers and there was one from each category like tailor, rashion shop, goldsmith, shopkeeper, hotel supervisor, massion, mandapam decorator, Carpentor, cable TV Manager. B. Hours of Work Hours of work for alcoholic dependants were varying from6-15 hrs. Most of them nineteen were working between 11-15 hrs and eleven patients were working 6-10 hours per day. C. Income per Month Income of alcoholic dependants varied depends upon their occupation, fifteen were earning between Rs.6000-10000 per month, eight patients were earning between Rs.11000-15000 per month, four were earning between Rs.1000-5000 per month, three patients were earning between Rs 16000-20000 per month. D. Conflict in Work Area Majority of alcoholic dependants, twenty expressed no conflict in work area and ten had conflict in their work area. 4. Family history A. Marital status Twenty four patients were married, six patients were unmarried. B. Marital disharmony: Thirty alcoholic dependants came out with the problem of and only eleven patients had no such problems. C. Relationship with spouse: Among the alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were maintaining good relationship with their spouse and twelve patients were not maintaining good relationship with spouse. D. Relationship with children: Twenty two were maintaining good relationship with their children and two patients were not maintaining good relationship with children. E. Type of Family: Among twenty four alcoholic dependants, six patients were from joint family and eighteen from nuclear family. F. Family History of Alcoholism: There is no family history of alcohol intake among twenty five alcoholic dependants and only five patients were having the family history of alcoholism. 5. Social History: A. Social Support: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, one had Peer group support, three had support from friends, and twenty six had family support. 6. Alcoholic History: A. Duration of Alcohol Intake In years: Duration of 11-15-years of alcohol intake was found among fifteen alcoholic dependants, 6-10years among ten alcoholic dependants, 1-5years among three alcoholic dependants and 16-20 years among two alcoholic dependants. B. Consumption of Alcohol started by: Most of the patients twenty five were started consuming alcohol through friends, three started by their relatives and two started by their family members. C. Quantity of Alcohol when started (Bear in ml): Majority of the alcoholic dependants, twenty three started with 100-300ml of bear while seven alcoholic dependants were stated with 700-900ml of bear. D. Quantity of Alcohol at present (Hot): At present eleven alcoholic dependants was consuming 700-900ml of hot which is more than nineteen alcoholic dependants consuming 400-600ml. E. Time of drinking Alcohol: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, twelve patients were taking alcohol in the evening, four were taking alcohol in the morning and evening, fourteen were taking alcohol throughout the day. F. Money spent on Alcohol Consumption: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, most of them twenty two spent Rs 4000-6000per month for alcohol consumption seven spent Rs7000-9000 per month and one spent Rs 1000-3000 per month. G. Motivation for treatment of Alcoholism: Maximum number of patients thirteen were motivated by self, seven were motivated by already treated patients in de-addiction centre, five were motivated by family members and five were motivated by Relatives. H. Reason for Alcoholism: Seventeen patients were started on alcoholism due to psychological factors such as wifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s death, job stress etc, thirteen patients were started due to peer group pressure and none had the reason of physical and psychiatric illness. TABLE 4 1 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF ALCOHOLIC PATIENTS 1 AGE IN YEARS 21-30 6 31-40 15 41-50 7 51-65 2 2 EDUCATION Primary 7 Secondary 10 Higher secondary 6 Graduate 7 3 OCCUPATION A.TYPE OF WORK Business 10 Farmer 5 Tailor 1 Accountant in Rashionshop 1 Goldsmith 1 Hotel Supervisor 1 Driver 2 Construction Worker 1 Engineers 4 Mandapam Decorator 1 Carpenter 1 Cable T.V. Manager 1 B.HOURS OF WORK 6 10 11 11 15 19 C.INCOME PER MONTH 1000-5000 4 6000-10,000 15 11,000-15,000 8 16,000-20,000 3 D.CONFLICT IN WORK AREA Present 10 Absent 20 4 FAMILY HISTORY A.MARITAL HISTORY Married 24 Single 6 B.MARITAL DISHARMONY Present 13 Absent 11 C.RELATIONSHIP WITH SPOUSE Maintains good relationship 12 Not maintains good relationship 12 D.RELATIONSHIP WITH CHILDREN Maintains good relationship 22 Not maintains good relationship 2 E.TYPE OF FAMILY Joint family 6 Nuclear family 18 F.FAMILY HISTORY OF ALCOHOLISM Present 5 Absent 25 SOCIAL HISTORY A.SOCIAL SUPPORT Neighbors 0 Peer group 1 Friends 3 Family 26 5 ALCOHOLIC HISTORY A.DURATION OF ALCOHOL INTAKE IN YEARS 1 5 3 6 10 10 11 15 15 16-20 2 B.CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOL STARTED BY Friends 25 Family members 2 Relatives 3 Self 0 C.QUANTITY OF ALCOHOL WHEN STARTED (BEAR) ML 100-300 23 400-600 7 700-900 0 D.QUQNTITY OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AT PRESENT(HOT)ML 100-300 0 400-600 19 700-900 11 E.TIME OF DRINKING ALCOHOL Morning 0 Evening 12 Both 4 Throughout the Day 14 F.MONEY SPENT ON ALCOHOLISM 1000-3000 1 4000-6000 22 7000-9000 7 G.MOTIVATION FOR TREATMENT OF ALCOHOLISM Family members 5 Relatives 5 Self 13 Treated patients 0 H.REASON FOR ALCOHOLISM Physical Illness 0 Psychiatric Illness 0 Psychological Illness 17 Peer group Influence 13 4.2. Assessment of Problem Index among Alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, Majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, neglected by relatives, advised by relatives and friends, to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty,neede more alcohol to get the same effect previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. TABLE 2 ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEM INDEX n=30 S.No PROBLEM STATEMENTS 1 2 3 4 1 Not Able To Work 10 15 5 0 2 Neglected Responsibilities 10 15 5 0 3 Had Fight With Others 20 5 5 0 4 Neglected By Relatives 10 14 6 0 5 Advised By friends, neighbours, relatives to stop alcohol 0 20 10 0 6 Kept Promised To Stop Drinking 10 12 8 0 7 Noticed A Change In Personality 12 16 2 0 8 Felt Guilty 0 23 7 0 9 Forgetting Places 16 14 0 0 10 Fainted Suddenly 26 4 0 0 11 Gone Suddenly 26 3 1 0 12 Needed More Alcohol To Get The same Effect As Of previous One 0 20 6 4 13 Tried To Control Drinking 16 8 6 0 14 Stopped Drinking Because Of Withdrawal Symptoms 20 10 0 0 15 Felt physical or Psychologically dependant On Alcohol 0 16 10 4 Score Interpretation: 1.None of the Time, 2.1-2 Time, 3.3-4 Times, 4.More than five t imes 4.3. Assessment of Level of Self-Esteem among alcoholic Dependants: Fifty one patients were got admitted in kasthuriba Gandhi de-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore in the month of July. Among them thirty alcoholic dependants were selected for the study based on the exclusion criteria. Level of self-esteem was assessed for each patient by using self-esteem assessment tool. All thirty alcoholic dependants were having low self-esteem that they become anger when criticized, afraid to try new things, showing difficulty in performing social activities and social interaction. All the alcoholic Dependants were scored the level of self-esteem score between50-60. 4.4. Promotion of Self-Esteem Activities: Self-Esteem activities are promoted by scheduling as individual and group activities. Individual activities are promoted in the morning and group activities are promoted in the evening to boost up self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants. TABLE 3 Self-Esteem Activities Protocol S. No Time Activities 1 Morning Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Afternoon Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Psychodrama 3.30-5.00Pm B. Tenniquoite TABLE 4 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pre test 1. Self- Esteem Score (46) 30 SCORE INTERPRETATION: Problems with low self-esteem are indicated by a total score higher than 46 TABLE 5 ASSESSMENT OF SELF-ESTEEM AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of self-Esteem No. of. Patients Pretest Post test 1. Self-Esteem Score(46) 30 0 TABLE 6 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(46) 30 30 2. Self-Esteem Score(46) 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic Dependants were scored 46 before promoting Self-Esteem activities. But after promoting Self-Esteem Activities they have scored 46 TABLE 7 Difference in pretest and Posttest Self-Esteem Score of Alcoholic Dependants S. No Pretest Score Posttest Score Difference 1 56 33 23 2 54 36 22 3 56 32 24 4 56 32 24 5 55 30 25 6 54 33 21 7 52 34 22 8 52 33 21 9 55 33 22 10 55 32 23 11 54 31 23 12 54 30 24 13 56 33 23 14 54 31 23 15 55 32 23 16 56 33 23 17 56 33 23 18 54 33 21 19 56 34 22 20 54 32 23 21 56 33 21 22 54 33 23 23 55 33 21 24 56 34 22 25 53 32 21 26 56 33 21 27 54 30 23 28 56 36 20 29 55 33 22 30 53 34 19 TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF SELF-ESTEEM BEFORE AND AFTER PROMOTING SELF-ESTEEM ACTIVITIES n=30 S. No Level of Self-Esteem Pre test Post test 1 Self-Esteem Score(46) 30 0 2. Self-Esteem Score(46) 0 30 INTERPRETATION: Thirty alcoholic dependants were scored 46 before promoting self-esteem activities. But after promoting self-esteem activities they have scored 46 4.5. COMPARISON OF PRETEST AND POSTTEST LEVEL OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG ALCOHOLIC DEPENDANTS In order to find out the significant difference between pretest and posttest scores of level of self-esteem, pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ test was compared to test the significance, the hypothesis was stated. Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in level of self-esteem before and after promoting self-esteem activities. t = d/SD/n SD = (d-d)/n-1 (d-d) = 65.25 SD= (65.25)/30-1 SD= 65, 25/29 SD= 2.25 SD=1.5 t=d/SD/n =21.5/1.5/30 =21.5/1.5/5.4 =21.5/0.27 t=79.62 df=n-1 =30-1 =29 As the calculated value is 79.62, which is greater than table value (3.66)at the degree of freedom of 29.It is significant at the level of 0.001,and hypothesis is accepted. Hence there is significant improvement between mean pretest and posttest score of self-esteem. 4.6. Influence of demographic variables on Alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem: 4.6.1Influence of age on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Age positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between age and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =3068/1715(49) =3068/84035 =0.0365 =0.191 The calculated value is 0.191 that there is a positive correlation between age and level of self-esteem. Hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.2Influence of hours of work on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between hours of work and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Hours of work positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hours of work and level of self-esteem r= XY/(x-x) (y-y) =157.92/81.76 (49) =157.92/4006.2 8 =0.03941 =0.198 The calculated value is 0.198 that there is a positive correlation between hours of work and level of self-esteem..Hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.3 Influence of duration of alcohol intake on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Duration of alcohol intake positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between duration of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =572/405(49) =572/19845 =0.028 =0.169 The calculated value is 0.169 that there is a positive correlation between duration of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. Hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.4 Influence of quantity of alcohol intake on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem: Karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between quantity of alcohol intake and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: quantity of alcohol intake positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between quantity of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =565908/547890(49) =565908/268466 =2.1 =1.4 The calculated value is 0.14 that there is a positive correlation between quantity of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.5Influence of age on pretest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Age of Alcoholic dependants positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) = 4289/1891.2(70.8) = 4289/132370 = 0.032 = 0.18 The calculated value is 0.18 that there is a positive correlation between age and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.6Influence of hours of work on posttest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: hours of work positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hors of work and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =320/1715(70.8) =320/121422 =0.0026 =0.05 The calculated value is 0.05 that there is a positive correlation between hours of work and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.7 Influence duration of alcohol intake on posttest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem: karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: Duration of alcohol intake positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hors of work and level of self-esteem. r= XY/(x-x)(y-y) =1175.5/405(70.8) =1175.5/28674 =0.04 =0.20 The calculated value is 0.20 that there is a positive correlation between duration of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. 4.6.9 Influence of quantity of alcohol intake on posttest score of alcoholic dependants with low sel-esteem:karl Pearson co-efficient of correlation between age and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. Hypothesis: hours of work positively influence low self-esteem among alcoholic dependants. There is a relationship between hors of work and level of self-esteem. r= à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ XY/(x-x)(y-y) =9597444/547890(70.8) =9597444/38790612 =0.02 =0.157 The calculated value is 0.157 that there is a positive correlation between quantity of alcohol intake and level of self-esteem. .hypothesis is accepted hypothesis. CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Introduction: The main aim of the study was to assess the level of self-esteem among alcoholic dependants and to promote self esteem activities. The study was conducted in Kasthuriba Gandhi De-Addiction centre at Coimbatore. A total of thirty patients were selected for the study .each patients baseline information was collected to understand the background of the patient and also some of the factors such as age, occupation, income which are expected to have an impact on alcoholism. 5.1 General Profile of the Alcoholic Dependants: The young age of alcoholic dependant who started intake of alcohol at the age of 21years was six and in the age of 65years are two. Many research studies says that, alcohol abuse and alcohol Dependence are not only adult problems they also affect a significant number of adolescents and young adults between the ages of 12-20,eventhough drinking under the age of 21 is illegal(Joseph.A,2008). Study shows seven alcoholic dependants were having only primary level of education others were completed their secondary, higher secondary and graduates. An individual receives less than or up to 12 years of education can the causative effect of Alcoholism. This finding implies that improving educational levels has the potential to counteract the risk factors and help to prevent alcoholism said Wan. Most of the alcoholic dependants were heavy workers such as drivers, civil engineers; farmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s etc. Some study shows occupation has higher alcoholism rates, High risk occupation s attract problem drinkers or create them through job pressures. One hundred and fifty male manual recruits to Scottish breweries and distilleries were interviewed and compared with similar men in lower risk jobs. The alcohol producers reported poorer employment records and were significantly heavier drinkers than the controls. The alcohol producers were also more likely than the controls to have drunk more since recruitment. These results suggest that the drink trade attracts a disproportionate number of people likely to develop alcohol-related problems and indicates that drinking habits may be strongly influenced by work environment. In this study some alcoholic dependants started taking alcohol by learning from peergroups, work environment. The culture of the workplace may either accept and encourage drinking or discourage and inhibit drinking. A workplaces tolerance of drinking is partly influenced by the gender mix of its workers. Studies of male-dominated occupations have d escribed heavy drinking cultures in which workers use drinking to build solidarity and show conformity to the group (4, 5). Some male-dominated occupations therefore tend to have high rates of heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems (6, 7 In my study four Alcoholic dependants are having monthly Income Rs.1000-4000,Most of the alcoholic dependants are having the monthly income of more than 6000-20000.The more income people have higher social status or class, more likely theirhigh socio-economic status induces to drink alcoholic beverages. Marital disharmony also one of the risk factor for consuming alcohol, here in general practice alcoholism should be considered, when the doctor detects marital disharmony, repeated sickness absenteeism, repeated aggressive behavior, patients presenting with anxiety and depression, and those who smell of drink.( B. D. Hoer and R. H. Wilkins). Psychological factor plays a major role in consumption of alcohol, most of the alcoholic dependa nts in this consumes alcohol due to psychological factors. some research studies says that people turn to alcohol during periods of stress, frustration e.g. as a result of failure in an exam, loss of dear one, marital breakup, loss of personal property, etc as a way of trying to overcome the stress or depression. 5.2. Assessment of Problem Index Among alcoholic Dependants: Among thirty alcoholic dependants, majority of alcoholic dependants are not able to work, had inability to carryout responsibilities, had fight with relatives, were neglected by relatives,were advised by relatives and friends to stop alcohol, noticed a change in personality, most of them felt guilty, neede more alcohol to get the same effect as previous one, and felt physically and psychologically dependant on Alcoholism. 5.3. Assessment of level of self-esteem among Alcoholic dependants: Data on level of self-esteem pointed out that most of the alcoholic dependants are having low self-esteem. Their level of self-esteem was assessed by using self-esteem scale .Most of them scored the item very often(3) that inability to accept criticism, poor social interaction, afraid to try new things, difficulty to look people in the eye, uncomfortable in the presence of strangers, Feeling embarrassment when others are praising etc. There is a significant amount of research on the relationship between self-esteem and focusing on how self-esteem influences who is likely to consume alcohol. Research shows that low self-esteem is negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. In a study on adolescent drinking behavior, adolescents with high self-esteem reported consuming less alcohol than adolescents with low self-esteem and reported smaller increases in alcohol consumption over time (Gerald, Gibbons, Bergen, 2000). In addition in a study on college students. Students with lo w self-esteem became more intoxicated than students with high self-esteem (Glindemann, Geller, and Fortney, 1999).Although research shows a relationship alcohol and self-esteem. TABLE 5.1 5.4. Promotion of Self-esteem Activities among Alcoholic Dependants: S. No Time Activities 1 Individual Activities 8.30-9.30am A. Self Reporting 11.00-12.00Noon B. Art Writing 2 Group Activities 1.30-3.00Pm A. Caroms 3.30-5.00Pm B. Volley Ball 5.5. Comparison of Level of Self-Esteem Before And After Promoting Self-Esteem Activities: It was found in the assessment that the level of self-esteem was improved after promotion of self-esteem activities. Alcoholic dependants who scored the item very often (3) in the pretest were scored sometimes (2) or occasionally (1) after promotion of self-esteem activities. Patients were actively participated in self-esteem activities, before promoting self-esteem activities alcoholic dependants had the problems like becoming angry for criticism, poor interaction, inability to try new things, having difficulty looking people in the eye, difficulty making small talk, etc.But after promoting self-esteem activities alcoholic dependants showed an improvement in accepting criticism, trying new things, facing other peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in the eye, good social interaction. CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The present study was conducted in selected De-Addiction Centre, Coimbatore from 28.6.10-25.7.10.Alcoholic dependants were selected by sample free technique. The level of self-esteem was assessed by using self-esteem scale. alcoholalcohol induced psychiatric illness and dependants with high self-esteem were excluded. After initial assessment of self-esteem, self-esteem activities were promoted which include Individual and Group activities. Reassessment was done after a gap of fourteen days using the same scale to identify the enhancement in promotion of self-esteem of alcoholic dependants. The data collected during assessment and was revealed that the level of self-esteem had significantly improved after promotion of self-esteem activities. The demographic variables like age, hours of work, quantity of alcohol intake, and duration of intake of alcohol were analyzed by using Karl Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s co-efficient of co-relation to identify the influence of these variable s on the level of self-esteem and alcoholic dependants. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between age hours, quantity, duration of alcohol intake and pretest self-esteem score of alcoholic dependants. The results also indicated for posttest. The significance of level of self-esteem on pretest and posttest level of alcoholic dependants were calculated using pairedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢test.The results showed that after promoting self-esteem activities the alcoholic dependants had a significant improvement in level of self-esteem. 6.1. Major Findings of The Study: Majority of alcoholic dependants were in the age group of 20-65years. In pre assessment of level of self-esteem all 30 alcoholic dependants had low self-esteem. In post assessment of level of self-esteem, all 30 alcoholic dependants had improved their self-esteem. The mean pretest score .there is a increase in posttest mean score. The paired à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢test value of self-esteem is 9à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢tà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢= ) is greater than the table value at the degree of freedom 29 is significant at the level of 0.001. 6.2 Limitation of The Study: This study was limited only to alcoholic dependants This study was aimed only to promote self-esteem of alcoholic dependants The study was limited only to the De-addiction centre. 6.3 Suggestions For Further Study Similar study can be conducted for other psychoactive substance use disorders patients A similar study can be conducted with family members. A similar study can be conducted for alcoholic dependants on any psychiatric set up. A study can be conducted among friends of alcoholic dependants who regularly visit wine shops/bars/Arrack shops. A study can be conducted on childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of alcoholics to identify the level of self-esteem. 6.4 Recommendations: A follow up study on promotion of self-esteem among alcoholic dependants after six months to one year can be carried out to explore in to the retaining impact of self-esteem. Mass media, Posters can be used to create awareness on alcohol treatment to public; this will be helpful in removing misconceptions regarding alcoholic patients. A similar study can be conducted to assess the self-esteem of the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of alcoholics and to promote self-esteem activities earlier. 6.5. Conclusion: The study highlights the practice of self-esteem activities are useful tools for Alcoholic dependants who are having low self-esteem. Thre is no medical treatment to treat low self-esteem, only we can promote self-esteem by involving them in self-esteem activities .Alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem need positive reinforcement to enhance self-esteem. Individual activities makes the individuals to complete the task by alone and improves the individual capablity. Group activities makes the group to work together to achieve the task and also it improves social interaction. The study review showed that promotion of self-esteem activities among alcoholic dependants was the most effective method for enhancement of self-esteem. The result can potentially be employed as non-pharmacologic adjuvant therapy in the management of alcoholic dependants with low self-esteem.

Man of Greed and Power The Tragedy of Macbeth - 1089 Words

Ambition for great power leads to the downfall of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. Contributing to the downfall and demise of Macbeth, three sinister witches plan to foil Macbeth through telling him prophecies of his future. But, through the freewill of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth they paved their own road to destruction. Lady Macbeth is a woman who is not mentally strong enough to commit a murder but is mentally capable of persuading someone into committing the crime for her. Macbeth is gullible at first judgment, but soon became a man on a murderous rampage to keep his title as king of Scotland. Starting with murdering King Duncan to Birnam Wood advancing to Dunsinane, Lady Macbeth and Macbeth initiate Macbeth’s downfall. Starting with the†¦show more content†¦She proves that she can be the mastermind behind a plan but cannot do the dirty work herself. 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The play features many interesting scenes, references to the unknown, and several interesting characters. In 1998, a film was made from Sam Raimi based on a book of the same name, called A Simple Plan. Although the plots are not the same, characters and setting are very similar. The main idea of A Simple Plan illustrates important similarities to Macbeth. The characters have similar feelingsRead MoreTask: - Explain What Act 1 Scene 7 Tells Us About the Character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. What Is Troubling Macbeth at the Beginning of the Scene and How Does Lady Macbeth Persuade Him to Go Through with the Murder of Duncan?1636 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare Task: - Explain what act 1 scene 7 tells us about the character of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. What is troubling Macbeth at the beginning of the scene and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to go through with the murder of Duncan? My aim in this essay is to explain what Act 1, scene 7 tells us about the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, and what troubles does Macbeth come across and how does Lady Macbeth persuade him to murder King Duncan. The purpose that Shakespeare wrote actRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesmayhem to the stage. Macbeth is one of the greatest tragic characters ever to take the stage. Macbeths wrong doings and courageous acts makes the story exciting. Macbeth is an ambitious character who murders and betrays people for power and what he wants. With all of Macbeths courageous acts and greed it brought an abundance of tragedy and death throughout the story. Macbeth makes himself seem like a great noble man. He was a great battle hero but he let all the greed and power hungry part of him

Dr. Bandura s Hypothesis - 921 Words

1) What was Dr. Bandura s hypothesis? Bandura’s hypothesis was â€Å"that children can learn about aggressive behaviors by observing the action of others† (Durkin, 1995). By watching the video about Dr. Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment, it is clear that his hypothesis was that children that sees aggressive behavior tends to be aggressive, while children that do not see aggressive behavior will probably not show an aggressive behavior (Research Methods Presentation). 2) What type of research study did Dr. Bandura conduct: true study, correlation, or naturalistic observation? How do you know? True study or true experiment is defined in the textbook as when â€Å"researches take steps to isolate their variable of interest by manipulating that condition (†¦), and then randomly assign people to either receive that treatment or another, control intervention.† Correlation study is â€Å"a research strategy that involves relating two or more variables.† And naturalistic observation is â€Å"a measurement strategy that involves directly watching and coding behaviors† â€Å"as it occurs in ‘nature’†(Belsky, 2013). Therefore, this research is a true study. Bandura’s team manipulates the conditions of the experiment to test their hypothesis using randomly selected groups, including a control group. 3) How did Dr. Bandura structure his study? Please provide a *detailed* response explaining his research design, including the independent and dependent variables and other controls, if used. Durkin (1995)Show MoreRelatedWhy Some Children Are More Aggressive Than Others? Essay2022 Words   |  9 Pagesare more aggressive than others? Bandura Walters (1959) defines aggression as any behaviour harbouring the goal or intention to cause hurt, harm to another human, or destruction to an object. Nativists like Noam Chomsky would answer this question according to the theory of nativism – that a person’s character traits and learning abilities are inborn and hard-coded in his genes, hence ascribing it to Nature. On the contrary, environmentalists like Albert Bandura and B.F. Skinner argue that it isRead More The Effects Of Violence In Media On Society Today Essay2224 Words   |  9 Pagesinteractions involved the use of handguns, and premium cable channels present the high est percentage of violent programs (85%). There was more to their findings, but these were the more prevalent findings.University of Michigan psychologists Dr. Leonard Eron and Dr. Rowell Huesmann conducted a study, which continued for decades. This was conducted beginning in 1960. They took 800 eight-year-olds and found that children who watched many hours of violent television tended to be more aggressive in theRead MoreThe Effects of Violence in Media on Society Today Essay2286 Words   |  10 Pagesinteractions involved the use of handguns, and premium cable channels present the highest percentage of violent programs (85%). There was more to their findings, but these were the more prevalent findings.University of Michigan psychologists Dr. Leonard Eron and Dr. Rowell Huesmann conducted a study, which continued for decades. This was conducted beginning in 1960. They took 800 eight-year-olds and found that children who watched many hours of violent television tended to be more aggressive in the playgroundRead MoreChild Abuse Is The Most Visible Form Of Child Maltreatment3665 Words   |  15 Pagesexclusively on improving the lives of children and families. Initially, the main goal of the Children’s Bureau included investigating and reporting on matters related to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of people (Children s Bureau, 2013). Since the founding of Children’s Bureau, over 100 years ago, the bureau evolved drastically by updating the focus of the agency to better serve children and families. In 1974, Congress passed the first Child Abuse Prevention and TreatmentRead MoreThe Social And Emotional Development Of An Adolescent Essay1919 Words   |  8 Pagesof authority figures and peers observed by adolescents can guide their future conduct in the same way as that being observed. Social Learning Theory states that children and adolescents learn from two similar sources; experience and observation (Bandura, 1971). Through observation, adolescents view the actions and reactions presented before them in a variety of situational contexts. By way of experience, adolescents can test behavioral meth ods themselves in a self-regulated style, or conform to aRead MoreEffects of Television Violence and Children3538 Words   |  15 Pagesprevious research I conducted my own research through   collating information from questionnaires issued to   children (ages 5-17) in my best friend work place, New Era Educational School in Toa Baja PR; however the results did not directly  support my hypothesis.   INTRODUCTION   The sole purpose of this project is to examine whether children behave  differently after they have been watching violence on television. In  addition the question that is of paramount importance to this whole   piece of investigativeRead MoreEssay on Social Cognitive Theory1586 Words   |  7 Pagescompromising behaviors? There are in fact many theories or processes that can give explanations to this particular question. One theory that can be related to this specific question is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Dr. Albert Bandura originated social Cognitive Theory in the early 1960s. It actually stems from the Social Learning Theory. It has origins in the discipline of psychology, with its early foundation being laid by behavioral and social psychologists. There are three main purposes forRead MoreAntecedents and Consequences of Reactions to Developmental 3607813 Words   |  32 Pagespersisted over time (Pearce Porter, 1986). Pedler and Boydell (1980) found that rationalization was the result of feedback that was very disconï ¬ rming of oneÕs self-view, i.e., more negative than expected. In a review of negative self-eï ¬Æ'cacy and goals, Bandura and Locke (2003) asserted that when feedback is perceived as a shortfall or goal discrepancy, perceived self-eï ¬Æ'cacy drops, self-set goals decrease, and self-satisfaction declines. Brett and Atwater (2001) found that over-ratings on a 360 instrumentRead MoreCompetency of Level 4 Nursing Students on Immediate Newborn Care6675 Words   |  27 Pagesinternship of student nurses in the hospitals in DR and NICU areas. The researchers came up with this study to know the level of competency of level IV nursing students on immediate newborn care. Knowing the level of competency of the student nurses on this procedure may give good insights on how well does the students perform the procedures and may suggest any possible reforms in their learning process. Theoretical Framework According to Bandura, people learn from one another through observationRead MoreEffects of Child Abuse on Juvenile Delinquency4283 Words   |  18 PagesThe Effects of Child Abuse on Juvenile Delinquency Tyshenia Gavin Virginia State University Dr. Hodgson Abstract This literature review explores existing literature and scholarship that outlines the effects of early child abuse (2-8 years old) on future acts of delinquency. Literature suggests that a correlation exists between the effects of child abuse and delinquency. Common problematic behaviors are socialization changes and learning abilities from

The Truth of War free essay sample

An analysis of How to Tell a True War Story by Tim OBrien . This paper discusses the story How the Tell a True War Story, by Tim OBrien. It describes the universal truths that apply to all people and societies and questions if we live in a state of relativism one in which perception dictates how we will respond to the tasks that we are given or to the world around us. The paper uses the main characters perspective to illustrate how they each have a different way of looking and reacting to similar events. A true war story is never moral. It does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men from doing the things they have always done. If a story seems moral, do not believe it (OBrien). The author contradicts this thought throughout the story, and contradicts his own words too, but that is part of the beauty of the style and power of this piece, you never can really tell what is true, and what is not. We will write a custom essay sample on The Truth of War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Research Proposal on Women Empowerment Essay Example

Research Proposal on Women Empowerment Essay Women empowerment is the process of treating women like the equal companions with the same rights and duties as men have. Since the dawn of the human civilization women have always been treated like the lower gender and their main duty was to take care of children and household chores. Today the situation is completely different. Women work, build careers, rest the same way as men do. Nevertheless, women still suffer from numerous stereotypes and prejudices, which often affect their self esteem badly. For example, if a woman works in an office, she will not be given difficult tasks to do, because men still feel and believe in their dominance over women. In spite of it, women manage to ruin all the stereotypes and do their work perfectly well and sometimes even better than their male companions. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Empowerment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Empowerment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Women Empowerment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There have been carried out a great number of investigations and observations which proved that women have a range of advantages over men in economics and business. For example, they are more scrupulous and treat every business contract seriously and think it over a lot before signing it. Women are able to avoid spontaneous decisions in the workplace and their solutions are often more effective and reasonable. Finally, a woman does not create any conflicts in the workplace, due to which a healthy working atmosphere is created. Unfortunately, women empowerment is still a dream in many countries and parts of the world. For example, in many Asian and Islamic countries women simply can not be empowered because of the cultural peculiarities of the nation, where men are considered to be absolutely dominant. If one want to prepare a good women empowerment research proposal, he should spend much time to investigate the key problems of the topic successfully. It is important to explain what women empowerment is and present the historical background of the problem. One should dwell on the reasons why women should be empowered and present the facts which prevent them on empowerment. Here one can focus on the cultural reasons on the example of different countries. It is important to prove why women should be empowered and convince the reader in it. Without the persuasive side the effect of the research proposal will be extremely low. In order to create a good convincing proposal one should take advantage of the free sample research proposals on women empowerment in India. It is reasonable to read the example papers of the professional writers and borrow their writing experience and knowledge. Moreover, with the help of a free sample research proposal on women empowerment in Bangladesh one will be able to complete a good structure and format the paper correctly. *** NOTE! As far as you know free sample research proposals and examples about Women Empowerment are 100% plagiarized!!! At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on any topic you need. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details:

The Israeli Wall

The Israeli Wall Free Online Research Papers The Israeli Government is currently building a security fence to separate the Israeli population from the Palestinian population. The fence is being established as a physical boundary in response to the Al-Aksa Intifada in which 850 Israelis and 2600 Palestinians have died. The construction has triggered UN condemnations and various human rights groups to deter the erection of it. The route of the fence generates debate because sections of the fence are built on the eastern side of the pre-1967 border. The United Nations and Palestinians view this move as illegally annexing land and unlawfully confiscating Palestinian land. The official Israeli statement is the fence is not a permanent border, but only constructed to prevent the entry of terrorists and suicide bombers into Israel . The controversial move to complete the construction will put strains on the Israelis and Palestinians. After negotiations broke down, the non-diplomatic action of unilaterally constructing the wall was taken by the Israeli government. Contrary to official Israeli statements, the security fence will ultimately become the future borders of Israel and Palestine. Currently the borders of Israel, as recognized by the UN, may be expanded in strategic areas if Israel decides to consider the fence a border in future negotiations. The route of the fence begins in Beit- Shean (Northern Israel) and continues to Arad (Southern Israel). The portion of the fence completed in the northern region of the country is the region that 75% of suicide bombers came from. There was less controversy over the construction of this area of the fence because it coincided with the pre-1967 border also known as the â€Å"Green Line†. The major areas in dispute include the hills around Jerusalem and the large settlements twelve miles inside the West Bank. A similar fence built around the Gaza trip has let in zero suicide bombers since its completion in 1996. The official statement from the Israeli Government is â€Å"The Security Fence does not annex territories to the State of Israel nor will it change the status of the residents of these areas. † Ther efore, Palestinians will be trapped on the Israeli side with no citizenship or rights. In turn, up to 100,000 Palestinians could be trapped in a â€Å"seam zone† between Israel and the West Bank. The Defense Ministry of Israel puts the number around 15,000 people. According to Miftah.org, a pro-Palestinian website approximately 10% of West Bank land will be incorporated west of the Security Fence. Contradicting that fact is Palestine Monitor.org, which claims that Israel will be illegally annexing 55% of West Bank Territory. The amount of land being included on the Israeli side of the wall is yet to be determined because the fence is not completed. The International Court of Justice, part of the United Nations has condemned the construction of the wall in Israel. In a July 20, 2004 meeting, The UN called for the dismantling of the wall and the tearing down of sections already built inside the West Bank. The UN states â€Å"The Construction of the wall being built by Israel , the occupying Power, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated regime, are contrary to international law;† It should be noted that Israel won the West Bank in the 1967 war. Israel officially annexed East Jerusalem in 1980 to recombine East and West Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. The UN and most of the rest of the world do not recognize this. A vote was taken on the condemning of the security fence also known as Resolution ES/10-15. The vote passed 150 – 6 – 10. 150 countries voted in favor of condemning the wall, six against, and ten abstaining. The United States sides wit h Israel on this issue. The sympathy of the world belongs to the Palestinians. There is understandable reasoning for this because Israeli checkpoints and the construction of the fence make it difficult to travel from village to village. Farmland is cut off from Palestinian farmers as well. Over 60,000 olive trees have been replanted by the Israeli Government . Farming is the main source of income for many Palestinians. Therefore, when they can not reach their farm land, they can not make money. The checkpoints set up by Israel have set the stage for the beginnings of a downward spiraling economy. Over two thirds of Palestinians live below the poverty line, which is triple the amount of Palestinians living in poverty before the start of the Intifada. Equally, Israeli employers can’t depend upon the Palestinian workers because border closures can occur at any time. Pre- September 2000, approximately 130,000 Palestinians worked in Israel. Currently the number of Palestinians working in Israel is 15,000 . This hurts the Israeli economy. The city of Qalqilyah, a city that lies on the Green Line is sealed on all side by the fence. There is one entry and exit checkpoint. The unemployment rate has risen to 60% since the beginning of the Intifada in September 2000. The downward economy makes suicide bombing more prevalent. The suicide bombings make the economy worse because of Israeli border closures due to the violence of the Palestinians. The Palestinians created a domino effect for themselves that only makes their situation worse. When the construction of the barrier is complete, life will improve in both spectrums of society. Israelis will not live in fear of a suicide bomber entering their country. Palestinians will not have to go through as many or even any Israeli checkpoints when traveling from town to town inside the West Bank. If Israel decides to unilaterally withdraw from the West Bank like it has from the Gaza Strip, the fence may eventually become the border between Israel and Palestine. According to the UN, this â€Å"de facto annexation† is in direct opposition to the Fourth Geneva Convention. The move by Israel has two possible outcomes. Violence in the region will dramatically reduce now that the two opposing populations are separated and the quality of life rises. The other outcome involves a greater Palestinian uprising, possibly a war, because Israel unilaterally acted without Palestinian intervention. Most Israeli officials envision borders close to those of 1967 with modifications for Israel’s security. In conclusion, though Israel claims not to have thought of the security fence as a permanent border, the current situation does not suggest this. The cycle of terror does not present a situation in which Palestinians can move freely into and out of Israel. Palestinians know that the fence â€Å"creates facts on the ground† because location of it gives it a highly probable chance of being used in future Palestinian and Israeli negations. The true outcome and impact of the fence will be seen in the months and years to come. The fence’s main goal, to save lives, will hopefully prove true and keep both Israelis and Palestinians safer. Research Papers on The Israeli WallUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceWhere Wild and West MeetAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 219 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Quebec and Canada

Applied Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Applied Leadership - Essay Example Overall, this review highlights the importance for a leader to be flexible to the situation and context in which they find themselves making decisions and taking action. It appears that there is no one set formula to be an effective leader, instead professional and personal development must be made lifelong learning goals. Professional development may take the form of training courses, or getting back to the 'ground floor' of the organization. Personal development for the leader requires critical reflection on one's outcomes, to bring awareness of one's strengths and weaknesses, as well as what makes one unique. It is anticipated that this paper will provide a concise collection of leadership definitions that can contribute to student learning of leadership, and the qualities that are necessary to motivate others to be led by them. Leadership is a role that requires valuable skills as well as a reliance on innate personal characteristics. Effective leadership is highly demanded in the product and service industries. The act of leadership is complex and is determined by the credibility of the leader; importantly the leader must be able to exhibit commitment to a clear set of values (Kouzes & Posner, 2003). Characteristics of a good leader are often identified as being: honesty, competency, a good communicator, inspiring and forward-thinking (Kouzes & Posner, 2002). Definitions of a Leader My Definition My personal definition of leadership is, a person who is able to act in an ethical manner and so keeps in mind the rights and dignity of other person's they interact with. Complementary to this, is transparency of decision and actions, as well as demonstrating accountability for decision and action outcomes. Also, leadership is cultivated through the practice of reflective thinking, as when a person critically considers their decisions and actions in light of the outcomes. I see leadership as a flexible behavior, which adapts itself to the context of the situation, whilst remaining aligned with the leader's temperament. An example of flexible leadership is when socio-cultural, political, economic and/or another's personal characteristics are included in how a decision is arrived at, or a solution implemented. Finally, leadership is the embodied in the skill of communication, the leader being able to empathize with others, listen to their needs and expectations, and can learn what mo tivates and empowers others to try, persist, achieve, and to adapt to unsuccessful outcomes and focus on solutions. Five Other Definitions Using email, five friends were contacted to ask them who they determined was a good leader. Their responses are outlined below: R ---- suggests that the Prime Minister of the UK, Tony Blair as the embodiment of good leadership. With the modification of the National Health System, beginning in 1997, Blair's

Human Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Human Development - Essay Example Pavlov’s research indicated that behaviors could be learned via conditioned associations. The learning process was argued to have grounds on which environmental stimulus and naturally occurring stimulus could be associated (Watson 6). Therefore, this means that the focus of behaviorism is purely on the idea that human behavior is acquired as a result of interaction with the environment (Berger 2005). In regard to contribution of behaviorism to my development, it is apparent that behaviorism played a key part in dictating my current personality. Having been brought up in rural areas, most of the behaviors of the rural people were vested on me because I always interacted with them. The rural school setting is different from urban school setting. We used to travel for long distances to school and believed that schooling is a difficult task that one has to strive to achieve. Nevertheless, this was instrumental to me because I have always worked hard to achieve my desires. This is contrary to urban people who are brought up in urban settings. They have little struggles because the life in the urban is a bit comfortable than the life in the rural settings. This is equally the same case to children brought up in wealthy families and those that are brought up in rural settings. The personality of these two groups of people is wide owing to the lifestyle that they are exposed to. It is argued that people brought up in areas where crime is prevalent tend to adapt to criminal behaviors. Most people who engage in crime are either due to the influence of drugs or as a result of poverty. Since such people have little they can do to change their lives, they resort to crime and drugs as a way of either reducing stress or use crime as a way of earning a living. Hence, it is true to stipulate that the environment that such people find themselves in influences their character so that they can fit in it. Theory of cognitive development was pioneered by Jean Piaget who

The Stop Online Piracy Act Essay Example for Free

The Stop Online Piracy Act Essay The Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the Protect IP-Act (PIPA) is a bill that Congress are trying to pass in order to illegalize downloading and streaming movies and/or T. V shows; however the two legislation has Internet users in fear about censorship. Congress claims that companies and organizations are losing revenue from users who illegally download copyrighted programs and entertainment. Internet users state, this permits the government to disable freedom of speech and innovation, while enabling the government to censor and watch in the entire Internet for infringing content. The reason why SOPA and PIPA came about was due to companies annoyed with stolen content- which has proponents and opponents in a heated debate. Prior to SOPA and PIPA, there were two other bills that had the same foundation but did not pass. PIPA was first called, Combating Online Infringement (COICA) that failed in 2010. The re-written legislation had come back as PIPA to the Senate on May 12, 2011 by Senators Patrick Leahy, Orrin Hatch and Chuck Grassley. The second bill SOPA, was legislation that had been first been introduced as the Pro-IP Act in 2008 however failed. Then on October 26, 2011 SOPA was presented to the U. S. House of Representatives by Representative Lamar Smith. Creative America which is considered, the entertainment community, who basically own all the entertainment companies is the largest supporters of PIPA and SOPA. Creative America is comprised of many companies like The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA. ) On top of the MPAA: The Screen Actors Guild, The American Federation of TV and Radio Artists are pro-SOPA and PIPA. Even the music label companies are out to support, as well as the music publishers associations, and a long list of publishing houses who also support the acts. These companies have been estimated of paying100 million dollars on lobbyist in 2011 to pass these bills in order to protect their copyrights. SOPA and PIPA are two bills that work in conjunction of each other. Proponents claim, copyright holders are permitted to sue all domains that have their patent infringed whether or not their origin is from the U. S.  First corporations will create a hit list of websites who they feel are violating their copyright polices, then the corporation will be able to contact the websites payment processors to force them to cut their ties to whomever is infringing their copyrights. This will give the website five days to act before being shut down. The government will allow immunity to payment networks that comply with the bill, plus take recognition to sites that severely cut ties. Copyright holders who knowingly misrepresent a website for infringing copyrights will have to pay for all damages occurred. Opponents believe that SOPA and PIPA must not pass due to the domino effect it will create. Internet users are in fear that it will block freedom of speech. Many argue that the Internet cannot have any censorship because it violates Americans first amendment. These two bills will enable the U. S. Attorney General access to watch all Internet domains. The Internet Service Provider (ISP) will have to give up all information to the government when asked. Whats unfair is the government would not fund ISP even though they would be there minion. Moreover, other countries will follow suit, thus creating no access to foreign websites. Another issue is when a person posts someones intellectual content without permission, the website will have be shut down. All Internet users are in fear that this stifles innovation. A way that this stifles innovation is if someone posts on a blog of an article that features a logo or trademark of a corporation to use as a teaching method, the corporation can dislike the display and the blog can be shut down. Because SOPA and PIPA are so vague, it can be manipulated to the corporations advantage and be found true. If this bill was around when the Internet was first made, then there would have never been any websites like Youtube, Facebook, Twitter, Dropbox etc. because those sites will be liable for any person that violates the two bills. Due to the Acts liability, those companies wont last one minute without being sued. For example, Youtube created a new trend of letting their users upload their version of an artists song known as a, cover song. If the two bills were to pass, this will disable users to gain any attention to the music industry which can stop any discovery of the next biggest artist. January 18, 2012 was the day these two bills went to Congress for voting. Companies like Reddit, GoDaddy. com, Wiki, etc. went black in protest of the two bills. Many sites directed Internet users to sign a petition and to call or email the House of Representative- for the state the user resides in. Voices were heard and many supporters understood the vague thought of the two bills and backed out, thereby SOPA and PIPA didnt pass. Even if the bill did pass, it would have done little to stop pirating because the criminals who want to download illegal content will only need the IP address in order to reach the supposedly blocked sites. Criminals will find a way to get pass the Acts, thus making challenges for companies who want to follow the law waste time worrying about the implications of SOPA and PIPA. Although the opponents made sure that SOPA and PIPA didnt pass, Internet users know there is a problem with stolen intellectual property; however SOPA and PIPA was not the answer.